Russia is a strategic petrostate in a double sense. It is too big a part of global energy markets to permit Iran-style sanctions against Russian energy sales. Russia accounts for about 40 percent of Europe’s gas imports. Comprehensive sanctions would be too destabilizing to global energy markets and that would blow back on the United States in a significant way. China could not stand by and allow it to happen.
Furthermore, Moscow, unlike some major oil and gas exporters, has proven capable of accumulating a substantial share of the fossil fuel proceeds. Since the struggles of the early 2000s, the Kremlin has asserted its control. In the alliance with the oligarchs it calls the shots and has brokered a deal that provides strategic resources for the state and stability and an acceptable standard of living for the bulk of the population…
Putin’s regime has managed this whilst operating a conservative fiscal and monetary policy. Currently, the Russian budget is set to balance at an oil price of only $44. That enables the accumulation of considerable reserves.
If you want a single variable that sums up Russia’s position as a strategic petrostate, it is Russia’s foreign exchange reserve… Hovering between $400 and $600 billion they are amongst the largest in the world, after those of China, Japan and Switzerland.
This is what gives Putin his freedom of strategic maneuver. Crucially, foreign exchange reserves give the regime the capacity to withstand sanctions on the rest of the economy. They can be used to slow a run on the rouble. They can also be used to offset any currency mismatch on private sector balance sheets.
That is Adam Tooze on the long run background to the current situation, in a week-old post I missed. One of the most persuasive pieces I’ve read.
What Tooze also points out (and I didn’t appreciate), is that while Russia has been rising, Ukraine has stagnated.
…What makes Ukraine into the object of Russian power is not just it geography, but the division of its politics, the factional quality of its elite and its economic failure.
…Ukraine’e elite have not come up with a formula for delivering the material basis of legitimacy, i.e. a minimum of stability and sustained economic growth. Economic frustration compounds the divisions between regions, language groups, factional interests. Since independence, the oligarchic super-rich have played a baneful and disruptive part in Ukraine’s politics.
In a long post on Ukraine’s economic malaise, Noah Smith puts it more bluntly:
- Billionaire oligarchs can claim a fifth of national income and most of the manufacturing center
- They’ve spent two decades living off checks and haven’t tried to grow their investment—meaning they resisted export led growth and block more competitive foreign investment and firms
- The better investment, it seems, has been capturing government and preventing economic change
Unfortunately, this is a pretty common feature of a lot countries. Elites can either embrace creative destruction, and take their chances on a growth strategy, or they can try to protect their privileges and try to milk their cow, even if it means that cow gets leaner and weaker with time.
As a result, Ukraine is unusual in Eastern Europe for being no richer than it was in 1990. Or (dare I say it) Ukraine is weak.
All this fits well into the political economy of the situation I outlined last week: Russian power has risen in relative terms in the last 30 years, and it expects its influence to rise in proportion (especially because it doesn’t have many allies or client states).
These reserves give Putin some of the insulation he needs if he invades. Still, invasion is so costly to him and to Russia, I still predict a nonviolent outcome—one that sees the West recognizing Russia’s strength in this situation and rolling back Western engagement with Ukraine.
This peaceful prediction will be wrong if Putin cares more about his relative status than his absolute position (something Tyler Cowen pointed out this week). This is possible, but I’m not persuaded. Tooze and Rob Lee both have takes that suggest Putin is more reasonable.
Thanks to Luis Martinez for the video tip.
2 Responses
Your prediction of a nonviolent outcome goes against the current Metaculus forecast (55% chance of invasion sometime this year; https://www.metaculus.com/questions/8898/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-before-2023/).
I’m wondering what your subjective confidence level in your prediction is? Would be helpful to know if you think the chance of invasion is on the order of, e.g., 5% or 50%
Good question. In terms of prolonged violence between Russia and the West (i.e. war) I’d say far less than 5% (though anything greater than zero is admittedly terrifying). Naturally, the chances are much greater for a brief, somewhat violent Russian invasion that is over quickly. Still, I would say an invasion is not the likely outcome, and if I had to guess I would say well under 20%. I say this partly because it seems that there’s seems to be a clear compromise that both sides prefer to invasion. Russia wants the west to renounce NATO expansion, to stop supporting democracy movements, and to allow Russia to operate Ukraine like a client state. Russia is clearly willing to suffer more costs than the West to achieve this. And so they will probably get their way to a degree. It’s not clear to me that any Western power feels strongly enough to resist these Russian demands. And they can decry the principle of abandoning Ukraine, and the cruel realpolitik of the situation, but this is exactly the kind of clientelistic politics that has characterized most Western diplomacy for a very long time, and so it would mainly be a protest that Russia is playing by the same rules. I think the politicians in charge all know this. They don’t like it (neither do I) but I don’t see better options.